{
  "dataset": "trust_trends",
  "generated": "2026-11-04",
  "attribution": "Data: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2023-2026, Stack Exchange Inc., licensed under ODbL 1.0 (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/; https://survey.stackoverflow.co/).",
  "caveats": [
    "Unweighted, self-selected sample of Stack Overflow-engaged developers; not population estimates.",
    "Associations only; stated sentiment, not observed behaviour.",
    "2026 is a separate series (question wording/definition changed); never connect 2026 to 2023-2025 with a line.",
    "Attitude items (favourable, trust, complexity) are among current AI users only; user definition changes in 2025 and 2026.",
    "Heavy late-survey dropout in 2025-2026; CIs ignore self-selection and dropout (see Manski bounds in FINDINGS.md)."
  ],
  "series": [
    {
      "name": "use_raw_2023_2025",
      "description": "P1 use - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        44.1,
        63.3,
        80.8
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        43.7,
        62.8,
        80.3
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        44.4,
        63.7,
        81.3
      ],
      "n": [
        66684,
        46296,
        25974
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "use_raw_2026",
      "description": "P1 use - unweighted % with Wilson CI (2026 series break; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        86.1
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        85.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        86.7
      ],
      "n": [
        13243
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "plan_raw_2023_2025",
      "description": "P1 plan - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        26,
        13.4,
        4.6
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        25.6,
        13.1,
        4.3
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        26.3,
        13.7,
        4.8
      ],
      "n": [
        66684,
        46296,
        25974
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_raw_2023_2025",
      "description": "P2 fav - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        84.9,
        76.8,
        73.1
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        84.5,
        76.3,
        72.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        85.3,
        77.3,
        73.7
      ],
      "n": [
        29325,
        29217,
        20810
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_raw_2026",
      "description": "P2 fav - unweighted % with Wilson CI (2026 series break; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        62.5
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        61.6
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        63.4
      ],
      "n": [
        11314
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_raw_2023_2025",
      "description": "P2 trust - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        46.2,
        41.4,
        38.4
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        45.6,
        40.9,
        37.7
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        46.8,
        42,
        39.1
      ],
      "n": [
        29283,
        29131,
        20732
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_raw_2023_2025",
      "description": "P2 distrust - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        25.1,
        31.3,
        37.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        24.6,
        30.7,
        37.3
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        25.6,
        31.8,
        38.6
      ],
      "n": [
        29283,
        29131,
        20732
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "complex_good_raw_2024_2025",
      "description": "P2 complex_good - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        34.2,
        36.8
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        33.7,
        36.1
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        34.8,
        37.4
      ],
      "n": [
        28943,
        19706
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "complex_good_raw_2026",
      "description": "P2 complex_good - unweighted % with Wilson CI (2026 series break; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        59.2
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        58.2
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        60.1
      ],
      "n": [
        10571
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "threat_yes_raw_2024_2025",
      "description": "P3 threat_yes - unweighted % with Wilson CI ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        11.5,
        15.2
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        11.2,
        14.7
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        11.9,
        15.7
      ],
      "n": [
        34623,
        22096
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "use_standardised_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised (g-computation) to pooled 2023-2025 role/experience/region/org-size mix; n not applicable ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        43.9,
        62.5,
        82
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        43.5,
        62,
        81.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        44.2,
        62.9,
        82.5
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "use_standardised_2026",
      "description": "Standardised (g-computation) to pooled 2023-2025 role/experience/region/org-size mix; n not applicable (2026 series B: same standardisation mix but question/definitions changed; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        86.5
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        85.6
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        87.2
      ],
      "n": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_standardised_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised (g-computation) to pooled 2023-2025 role/experience/region/org-size mix; n not applicable ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        84.8,
        76.7,
        73.4
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        84.4,
        76.2,
        72.8
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        85.2,
        77.2,
        74.1
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_standardised_2026",
      "description": "Standardised (g-computation) to pooled 2023-2025 role/experience/region/org-size mix; n not applicable (2026 series B: same standardisation mix but question/definitions changed; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        60.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        59.7
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        62.1
      ],
      "n": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_standardised_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised (g-computation) to pooled 2023-2025 role/experience/region/org-size mix; n not applicable ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        46,
        41.2,
        39.2
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        45.4,
        40.6,
        38.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        46.5,
        41.8,
        39.8
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_standardised_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised (g-computation) to pooled 2023-2025 role/experience/region/org-size mix; n not applicable ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        25.2,
        31.8,
        36.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        24.7,
        31.2,
        36.3
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        25.7,
        32.3,
        37.6
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "use_while_distrusting_share_of_pros",
      "description": "% of all professional developers who use AI AND distrust its accuracy",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        11,
        19.7,
        30.6
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        10.8,
        19.4,
        30
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        11.3,
        20.1,
        31.1
      ],
      "n": [
        66586,
        46143,
        25715
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_by_experience_0_4_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised trust among AI users with 0-4 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        50.4,
        46.4,
        46.1
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        48.7,
        44.6,
        43.2
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        52,
        48.2,
        48.9
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_by_experience_5_9_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised trust among AI users with 5-9 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        48.5,
        42.5,
        40.1
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        47.5,
        41.4,
        38.7
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        49.5,
        43.6,
        41.5
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_by_experience_10_19_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised trust among AI users with 10-19 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        44.1,
        39.5,
        37.5
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        43.1,
        38.5,
        36.4
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        45.1,
        40.4,
        38.5
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_by_experience_20plus_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised trust among AI users with 20+ yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        43.2,
        39.1,
        36.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        41.9,
        37.9,
        35.8
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        44.4,
        40.3,
        38
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_by_experience_0_4_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised distrust among AI users with 0-4 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        19.6,
        25.1,
        30
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        18.3,
        23.5,
        27.2
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        21,
        26.7,
        32.8
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_by_experience_5_9_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised distrust among AI users with 5-9 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        23.3,
        29.4,
        35
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        22.5,
        28.5,
        33.7
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        24.3,
        30.4,
        36.5
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_by_experience_10_19_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised distrust among AI users with 10-19 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        26.3,
        33.9,
        39.6
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        25.5,
        33,
        38.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        27.2,
        34.8,
        40.7
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_by_experience_20plus_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised distrust among AI users with 20+ yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        28,
        34.3,
        38.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        26.9,
        33.2,
        37.8
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        29.1,
        35.4,
        40.1
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_0_4_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 0-4 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        85.3,
        77.4,
        74.2
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        84,
        75.8,
        71.6
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        86.5,
        78.9,
        76.7
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_0_4_2026",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 0-4 yrs coding (2026 series B: same standardisation mix but question/definitions changed; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        56.5
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        52
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        60.8
      ],
      "n": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_5_9_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 5-9 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        85.4,
        77.8,
        72.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        84.7,
        76.9,
        71.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        86.2,
        78.6,
        74.2
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_5_9_2026",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 5-9 yrs coding (2026 series B: same standardisation mix but question/definitions changed; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        57.5
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        55.1
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        59.8
      ],
      "n": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_10_19_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 10-19 yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        84.6,
        76,
        73.3
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        83.9,
        75.2,
        72.2
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        85.3,
        76.8,
        74.3
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_10_19_2026",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 10-19 yrs coding (2026 series B: same standardisation mix but question/definitions changed; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        59.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        58.3
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        61.6
      ],
      "n": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_20plus_2023_2025",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 20+ yrs coding ",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2023",
        "2024",
        "2025"
      ],
      "values": [
        84.1,
        75.6,
        73
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        83.2,
        74.6,
        71.9
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        85,
        76.6,
        74
      ],
      "n": [
        null,
        null,
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_experience_20plus_2026",
      "description": "Standardised fav among AI users with 20+ yrs coding (2026 series B: same standardisation mix but question/definitions changed; not comparable to A)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "2026"
      ],
      "values": [
        68.2
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        66.6
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        69.8
      ],
      "n": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "paradox_change_2023_2025_use",
      "description": "Change 2023->2025 in use (pp) by subgroup (dimension: level); Newcombe CI",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "pp",
      "labels": [
        "Experience (years coding): 0-4 yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 10-19 yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 20+ yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 5-9 yrs",
        "Region: East Asia & Pacific",
        "Region: Europe & C. Asia",
        "Region: Latin America & Carib.",
        "Region: MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "Region: North America",
        "Region: South Asia",
        "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa",
        "Role family: Data / AI / analytics",
        "Role family: Developer / software engineer",
        "Role family: Management / exec / product",
        "Role family: Ops / infra / security / support",
        "Role family: Other",
        "Role family: Research / education",
        "Role family: Student"
      ],
      "values": [
        27.9,
        40,
        41.2,
        35.5,
        33.3,
        37.5,
        34.8,
        34.4,
        35.9,
        42.2,
        28.6,
        33.5,
        37.4,
        42.2,
        35.2,
        28.1,
        33.3,
        21.9
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        25.9,
        39,
        40.1,
        34.3,
        31,
        36.6,
        32.4,
        31.7,
        34.5,
        40.1,
        24.7,
        30.8,
        36.7,
        39.6,
        32,
        23.6,
        27.4,
        16.1
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        29.8,
        41,
        42.3,
        36.6,
        35.5,
        38.4,
        37.1,
        36.9,
        37.1,
        44.1,
        32.3,
        36.1,
        38.1,
        44.7,
        38.2,
        32.4,
        38.6,
        27.3
      ],
      "n": [
        1321,
        9328,
        9965,
        5140,
        1768,
        13074,
        1498,
        882,
        6272,
        1941,
        528,
        1400,
        21046,
        1181,
        1122,
        568,
        282,
        375
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "paradox_change_2023_2025_trust",
      "description": "Change 2023->2025 in trust (pp) by subgroup (dimension: level); Newcombe CI",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "pp",
      "labels": [
        "Experience (years coding): 0-4 yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 10-19 yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 20+ yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 5-9 yrs",
        "Region: East Asia & Pacific",
        "Region: Europe & C. Asia",
        "Region: Latin America & Carib.",
        "Region: MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "Region: North America",
        "Region: South Asia",
        "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa",
        "Role family: Data / AI / analytics",
        "Role family: Developer / software engineer",
        "Role family: Management / exec / product",
        "Role family: Ops / infra / security / support",
        "Role family: Other",
        "Role family: Research / education",
        "Role family: Student"
      ],
      "values": [
        -2.6,
        -6,
        -6.2,
        -7.9,
        -7.9,
        -7.3,
        -5.7,
        -2.4,
        -11.4,
        -1.8,
        -6,
        -5.3,
        -8.7,
        -3.1,
        -3.1,
        -7,
        -9.1,
        -3.1
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        -5.9,
        -7.5,
        -7.9,
        -9.6,
        -11.1,
        -8.5,
        -9.1,
        -6.7,
        -13.2,
        -4.9,
        -11.7,
        -9.2,
        -9.7,
        -7.1,
        -7.4,
        -12.8,
        -16.1,
        -10.6
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        0.7,
        -4.6,
        -4.6,
        -6.1,
        -4.6,
        -6.1,
        -2.2,
        1.9,
        -9.6,
        1.4,
        -0.3,
        -1.4,
        -7.7,
        1,
        1.3,
        -1,
        -1.6,
        4.5
      ],
      "n": [
        1162,
        7542,
        7439,
        4436,
        1459,
        10335,
        1292,
        792,
        4710,
        1677,
        459,
        1179,
        16780,
        1031,
        853,
        389,
        202,
        298
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "paradox_change_2023_2025_distrust",
      "description": "Change 2023->2025 in distrust (pp) by subgroup (dimension: level); Newcombe CI",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "pp",
      "labels": [
        "Experience (years coding): 0-4 yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 10-19 yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 20+ yrs",
        "Experience (years coding): 5-9 yrs",
        "Region: East Asia & Pacific",
        "Region: Europe & C. Asia",
        "Region: Latin America & Carib.",
        "Region: MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "Region: North America",
        "Region: South Asia",
        "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa",
        "Role family: Data / AI / analytics",
        "Role family: Developer / software engineer",
        "Role family: Management / exec / product",
        "Role family: Ops / infra / security / support",
        "Role family: Other",
        "Role family: Research / education",
        "Role family: Student"
      ],
      "values": [
        7.3,
        12.6,
        11.3,
        10.6,
        11.3,
        13.4,
        9,
        5.6,
        17,
        4,
        8.3,
        9,
        13.7,
        6.4,
        12.3,
        13,
        14.3,
        9.8
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        4.6,
        11.2,
        9.7,
        9,
        8.4,
        12.2,
        6.1,
        2.3,
        15.2,
        2,
        4.1,
        5.5,
        12.8,
        2.6,
        7.9,
        7,
        6.8,
        2.3
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        10.2,
        14,
        12.8,
        12.2,
        14.2,
        14.6,
        12,
        9.1,
        18.8,
        6.1,
        12.7,
        12.5,
        14.6,
        10.1,
        16.6,
        19,
        21.9,
        17.2
      ],
      "n": [
        1162,
        7542,
        7439,
        4436,
        1459,
        10335,
        1292,
        792,
        4710,
        1677,
        459,
        1179,
        16780,
        1031,
        853,
        389,
        202,
        298
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "threat_change_2024_2025",
      "description": "Change 2024->2025 in % seeing AI as job threat (pros using/planning AI), pp",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "pp",
      "labels": [
        "All: All professional users + planners",
        "Role family: Data / AI / analytics",
        "Role family: Developer / software engineer",
        "Role family: Management / exec / product",
        "Role family: Ops / infra / security / support",
        "Role family: Other",
        "Role family: Research / education",
        "Role family: Student",
        "Region: East Asia & Pacific",
        "Region: Europe & C. Asia",
        "Region: Latin America & Carib.",
        "Region: MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "Region: North America",
        "Region: South Asia",
        "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa"
      ],
      "values": [
        3.7,
        6.3,
        3.6,
        4.8,
        0.2,
        4.5,
        9.3,
        7.5,
        3.8,
        2.9,
        3.5,
        2.2,
        5.6,
        6.2,
        2.5
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        3.1,
        3.9,
        3,
        2.2,
        -2.5,
        0.6,
        4.1,
        2.6,
        1.5,
        2.1,
        1.2,
        -0.8,
        4.3,
        4,
        -1
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        4.3,
        8.8,
        4.3,
        7.4,
        3,
        8.9,
        15.3,
        12.8,
        6.2,
        3.7,
        5.9,
        5.3,
        6.8,
        8.5,
        6.3
      ],
      "n": [
        22096,
        1254,
        17922,
        1075,
        918,
        407,
        211,
        309,
        1539,
        10960,
        1380,
        837,
        5025,
        1857,
        490
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "trust_by_use_frequency_2025",
      "description": "2025 AI users: trust % by self-reported use frequency (Wilson CI); cross-sectional association",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "Daily",
        "Monthly or infrequent",
        "Weekly"
      ],
      "values": [
        48,
        15.3,
        27.4
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        47.1,
        14.1,
        26.1
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        48.9,
        16.6,
        28.7
      ],
      "n": [
        12997,
        3263,
        4472
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "distrust_by_use_frequency_2025",
      "description": "2025 AI users: distrust % by self-reported use frequency (Wilson CI); cross-sectional association",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "Daily",
        "Monthly or infrequent",
        "Weekly"
      ],
      "values": [
        27.6,
        65.4,
        48
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        26.8,
        63.8,
        46.5
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        28.3,
        67,
        49.5
      ],
      "n": [
        12997,
        3263,
        4472
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "fav_by_use_frequency_2025",
      "description": "2025 AI users: fav % by self-reported use frequency (Wilson CI); cross-sectional association",
      "series_group": "A",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "Daily",
        "Monthly or infrequent",
        "Weekly"
      ],
      "values": [
        87.2,
        30.4,
        63.3
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        86.6,
        28.8,
        61.9
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        87.8,
        32,
        64.7
      ],
      "n": [
        13054,
        3270,
        4486
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "aitrust_2026_conditions",
      "description": "2026 only: conditions under which users trust AI (multi-select; not comparable to 2023-25 trust)",
      "series_group": "B",
      "unit": "%",
      "labels": [
        "I trust it when I can easily verify the output",
        "I trust it for many tasks, but not important work decisions",
        "I trust it for low-risk work tasks only",
        "I do not trust it for most work tasks",
        "I trust it for many tasks, including important work decisions",
        "Not sure / I do not use AI tools"
      ],
      "values": [
        48,
        16.2,
        16,
        12.7,
        6.8,
        0.3
      ],
      "ci_low": [
        47.1,
        15.5,
        15.3,
        12.1,
        6.3,
        0.2
      ],
      "ci_high": [
        48.9,
        16.9,
        16.6,
        13.4,
        7.2,
        0.5
      ],
      "n": [
        11241,
        11241,
        11241,
        11241,
        11241,
        11241
      ]
    }
  ],
  "followup": {
    "meta": {
      "seed": 20261104,
      "year": 2025,
      "population": "Adult professional current AI users answering accuracy trust and use frequency; same professional base as the trends.",
      "n_current_users": 20991,
      "n_analyzed": 20732,
      "n_missing_trust_or_frequency": 259,
      "n_complete_covariates": 17804,
      "covariates": ["exp_band", "role_f", "region_f", "org_f"],
      "method": "Grouped binomial logistic regression; marginal probabilities standardised to the observed covariate mix. Coding experience uses the existing bands; implausible years are marked Missing.",
      "uncertainty": "95% model-based coefficient-normal simulation intervals, 4000 draws; conditional on the fitted main-effects model and observed sample. Independent-response/model assumptions; no correction for survey selection, module dropout or unmeasured confounding.",
      "interpretation": "Exploratory follow-up selected after seeing the raw frequency gradient, not preregistered. Contemporary association, not evidence that use causes trust or that this explains the cross-year trend. Missing-category and complete-case analyses target different samples.",
      "source_hash_format": "Source hashes normalise CRLF to LF; data hash uses exact bytes.",
      "source_script_sha256": "502373e2d27cc77d81f08137096812ef829d09d4196b45359f31a0dbc32d7b36",
      "helper_sha256": "40f3c045136b3ebc866f80c925cc9e0b1cdead0e4fc95515e51d4111d1b677c2",
      "data_sha256": "832fb96dbab7b6b90cbd907bbc157299671ed799256432a7e9ed3b321d026dd8"
    },
    "source_audit": {
      "checked": "2026-11-04",
      "upstream_commit": "9dd5c163b7ec09ce5503f711c37a99dbd80ff3c7",
      "files": [
        {
          "year": 2023,
          "rows": 89184,
          "columns": 84,
          "sha256": "828874a3cf0fa1bbb4c3da6a87e5822b8563bbc04b21f9869479480dbcff410c",
          "upstream_match": true,
          "source": "https://github.com/StackExchange/Survey/blob/9dd5c163b7ec09ce5503f711c37a99dbd80ff3c7/packages/archive/2023/results.csv"
        },
        {
          "year": 2024,
          "rows": 65437,
          "columns": 114,
          "sha256": "7f2c2dbf6989d00b80a7351de4bb3af4b52b21cc52d5c947891bbc4f4e5cbe49",
          "upstream_match": true,
          "source": "https://github.com/StackExchange/Survey/blob/9dd5c163b7ec09ce5503f711c37a99dbd80ff3c7/packages/archive/2024/results.csv"
        },
        {
          "year": 2025,
          "rows": 49191,
          "columns": 172,
          "sha256": "2d1f65308877282edfb4470520eabbc08cb499118432a3dcec6a66c086aa2baa",
          "upstream_match": true,
          "source": "https://github.com/StackExchange/Survey/blob/9dd5c163b7ec09ce5503f711c37a99dbd80ff3c7/packages/archive/2025/results.csv"
        },
        {
          "year": 2026,
          "rows": 30903,
          "columns": 212,
          "sha256": "ad520b4d5d71f240141e63f0d6f81a3b1898cbdc69efe9ea985496533b15fc2c",
          "upstream_match": true,
          "source": "https://github.com/StackExchange/Survey/blob/9dd5c163b7ec09ce5503f711c37a99dbd80ff3c7/packages/archive/2026/survey_results_public.csv"
        }
      ],
      "issues": [
        {
          "id": "2025_count",
          "status": "unresolved publisher discrepancy",
          "archive_rows": 49191,
          "published_topline": 49009,
          "difference": 182,
          "source": "https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/methodology/",
          "decision": "Use the hash-verified public archive and our declared QC base. Do not remove 182 arbitrary rows or claim exact reproduction of the published topline."
        },
        {
          "id": "2026_dates",
          "status": "historical invalid date withdrawn; close date unverified",
          "source": "https://github.com/StackExchange/Survey/blob/9dd5c163b7ec09ce5503f711c37a99dbd80ff3c7/packages/archive/2026/README.md",
          "decision": "The current archive README no longer states the historical invalid close date. No verified replacement close date is asserted. Analyses use survey year only; 2026 remains a separate instrument series."
        }
      ]
    },
    "population_flow": [
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "eligible_professionals": 66684,
        "answered_ai_status": 66684,
        "missing_ai_status": 0,
        "current_ai_users": 29381,
        "trust_answered_users": 29283,
        "trust_missing_users": 98,
        "completion_pct": 100
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "eligible_professionals": 48470,
        "answered_ai_status": 46296,
        "missing_ai_status": 2174,
        "current_ai_users": 29284,
        "trust_answered_users": 29131,
        "trust_missing_users": 153,
        "completion_pct": 95.514751392614
      },
      {
        "year": 2025,
        "eligible_professionals": 33792,
        "answered_ai_status": 25974,
        "missing_ai_status": 7818,
        "current_ai_users": 20991,
        "trust_answered_users": 20732,
        "trust_missing_users": 259,
        "completion_pct": 76.8643465909091
      },
      {
        "year": 2026,
        "eligible_professionals": 20205,
        "answered_ai_status": 13243,
        "missing_ai_status": 6962,
        "current_ai_users": 11400,
        "trust_answered_users": null,
        "trust_missing_users": null,
        "completion_pct": 65.5431823805989
      }
    ],
    "adoption_change_bounds": {
      "contrast": "2024->2025",
      "lo": -2.8,
      "hi": 24.9,
      "unit": "pp",
      "interpretation": "Worst-case missing-AI-status bounds, not a confidence interval; includes zero."
    },
    "frequency_raw": [
      {
        "ai_use_freq": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "x": 500,
        "n": 3263,
        "pct": 15.3233220962305,
        "lo": 14.1282106890469,
        "hi": 16.5999856888414
      },
      {
        "ai_use_freq": "Weekly",
        "x": 1224,
        "n": 4472,
        "pct": 27.3703041144902,
        "lo": 26.0833880534403,
        "hi": 28.6960647350128
      },
      {
        "ai_use_freq": "Daily",
        "x": 6238,
        "n": 12997,
        "pct": 47.99569131338,
        "lo": 47.1375009099679,
        "hi": 48.855066173861
      }
    ],
    "frequency_adjusted": [
      {
        "analysis": "Missing covariates retained as categories",
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "n_target": 20732,
        "adjusted_pct": 16.2403297849878,
        "lo": 15.0092762356854,
        "hi": 17.5880890509429
      },
      {
        "analysis": "Missing covariates retained as categories",
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "n_target": 20732,
        "adjusted_pct": 28.361822114341,
        "lo": 27.0820986476877,
        "hi": 29.7232557360046
      },
      {
        "analysis": "Missing covariates retained as categories",
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "n_target": 20732,
        "adjusted_pct": 47.2375434377414,
        "lo": 46.3953244264249,
        "hi": 48.1091191421492
      },
      {
        "analysis": "Complete-covariate sensitivity",
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "n_target": 17804,
        "adjusted_pct": 15.710545050997,
        "lo": 14.4508322440234,
        "hi": 17.1315305108195
      },
      {
        "analysis": "Complete-covariate sensitivity",
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "n_target": 17804,
        "adjusted_pct": 28.7853305840392,
        "lo": 27.3951473759859,
        "hi": 30.2510490466695
      },
      {
        "analysis": "Complete-covariate sensitivity",
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "n_target": 17804,
        "adjusted_pct": 46.9249990938261,
        "lo": 46.0021454299726,
        "hi": 47.8833968856326
      }
    ],
    "frequency_contrasts": [
      {
        "analysis": "Missing covariates retained as categories",
        "comparison": "Daily minus monthly or infrequent",
        "n": 20732,
        "adjusted_difference_pp": 30.9972136527536,
        "lo": 29.4295658831362,
        "hi": 32.5460110952794
      },
      {
        "analysis": "Complete-covariate sensitivity",
        "comparison": "Daily minus monthly or infrequent",
        "n": 17804,
        "adjusted_difference_pp": 31.214454042829,
        "lo": 29.4695585052796,
        "hi": 32.8071562796836
      }
    ],
    "missing_covariates": [
      {
        "variable": "exp_band",
        "missing_n": 177
      },
      {
        "variable": "role_f",
        "missing_n": 0
      },
      {
        "variable": "region_f",
        "missing_n": 8
      },
      {
        "variable": "org_f",
        "missing_n": 2780
      }
    ],
    "frequency_overlap": [
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "0-4 yrs",
        "n": 103,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "0-4 yrs",
        "n": 211,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "0-4 yrs",
        "n": 845,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "5-9 yrs",
        "n": 571,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "5-9 yrs",
        "n": 932,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "5-9 yrs",
        "n": 2931,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "10-19 yrs",
        "n": 1197,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "10-19 yrs",
        "n": 1635,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "10-19 yrs",
        "n": 4708,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "20+ yrs",
        "n": 1364,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "20+ yrs",
        "n": 1669,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "20+ yrs",
        "n": 4389,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 28,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 25,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 124,
        "variable": "exp_band"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Developer / software engineer",
        "n": 2688,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Developer / software engineer",
        "n": 3635,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Developer / software engineer",
        "n": 10457,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Data / AI / analytics",
        "n": 151,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Data / AI / analytics",
        "n": 220,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Data / AI / analytics",
        "n": 808,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Ops / infra / security / support",
        "n": 143,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Ops / infra / security / support",
        "n": 199,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Ops / infra / security / support",
        "n": 511,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Management / exec / product",
        "n": 117,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Management / exec / product",
        "n": 199,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Management / exec / product",
        "n": 715,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Research / education",
        "n": 33,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Research / education",
        "n": 55,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Research / education",
        "n": 114,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Student",
        "n": 50,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Student",
        "n": 76,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Student",
        "n": 172,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Other",
        "n": 81,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Other",
        "n": 88,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Other",
        "n": 220,
        "variable": "role_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Europe & C. Asia",
        "n": 1741,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Europe & C. Asia",
        "n": 2354,
        "variable": "region_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Europe & C. Asia",
        "n": 6240,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "North America",
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        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "North America",
        "n": 1122,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "North America",
        "n": 2720,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "East Asia & Pacific",
        "n": 195,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "East Asia & Pacific",
        "n": 266,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "East Asia & Pacific",
        "n": 998,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "South Asia",
        "n": 185,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "South Asia",
        "n": 253,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "South Asia",
        "n": 1239,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Latin America & Carib.",
        "n": 149,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Latin America & Carib.",
        "n": 289,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Latin America & Carib.",
        "n": 854,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "n": 68,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "n": 118,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "MENA, Afg. & Pakistan",
        "n": 606,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
        "n": 55,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
        "n": 69,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Sub-Saharan Africa",
        "n": 335,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 2,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 1,
        "variable": "region_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 5,
        "variable": "region_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Just me",
        "n": 89,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Just me",
        "n": 103,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Just me",
        "n": 453,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "2-19",
        "n": 425,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "2-19",
        "n": 581,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "2-19",
        "n": 2078,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "20-99",
        "n": 537,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "20-99",
        "n": 750,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "20-99",
        "n": 2514,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "100-499",
        "n": 581,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "100-499",
        "n": 759,
        "variable": "org_f"
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        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "100-499",
        "n": 2066,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "500-999",
        "n": 208,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "500-999",
        "n": 276,
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "500-999",
        "n": 753,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "1,000-4,999",
        "n": 357,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "1,000-4,999",
        "n": 558,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "1,000-4,999",
        "n": 1240,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "5,000-9,999",
        "n": 117,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "5,000-9,999",
        "n": 200,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "5,000-9,999",
        "n": 483,
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "10,000+",
        "n": 450,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "10,000+",
        "n": 589,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "10,000+",
        "n": 1495,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Don't know",
        "n": 58,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Don't know",
        "n": 80,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Don't know",
        "n": 152,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Monthly or infrequent",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 441,
        "variable": "org_f"
      },
      {
        "frequency": "Weekly",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 576,
        "variable": "org_f"
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      {
        "frequency": "Daily",
        "level": "Missing",
        "n": 1763,
        "variable": "org_f"
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}